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Fig. 1. Map showing Course of the Ancient St. Lawrence and its Tributaries
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Fig. 2. Map of Warren Water Bounded by Forest Beach, and its Successors. Surveyed shores represented by solid lines; partly surveyed, by broken lines; modern lakes, by dotted lines.
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Fig. 3. Map of the Early Lakes. Broken shading represents extension of the early lake epoch; solid shading, a lower stage of Iroquois Gulf before the birth of Lake Ontario; modern lakes, by dotted lines.
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The Cove, Presque Isle
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The Grand Portal
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In Grand Portal -- Pictured Rocks
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A Bit of Surf
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Arch Rock, Presque Isle
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Cave of the Winds, Pictured Rocks from the Interior
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Niagara Falls
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Niagara Falls. Facsimile of first engraving. From Hennepin's "New Discovery, " published in 1697
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Terrapin Tower. (Built at Niagara Falls in 1833, destroyed in 1873.)
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Cross-Section of Great Lakes
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Legend of Niagara Falls: The Maiden's Sacrifice
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Legend of Niagara Falls: The Maid of the Mist
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Building of the Griffin. (Hennepin, 1704) Cassier's Magazine
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The Griffin From an old cut.
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The French Fleet on the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario 1758-60. The Marquise de Vaudrueil. Le Victort. La Huzalt. La Louise. The French Fleet -- Lake Ontario, 1757 -- from a map in British Museum
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The English Fleet on the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario 1758-60. The Montcalm. Le George (The George). Les Evive (The Lively) *Lactagnuence La Vigilant (The Vigilant) L'Ontario (The Ontario) * Untranslateable -- printed as written. The English Fleet -- Lake Ontario, 1757 -- from a map in British Museum
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Diagram 1. Battle of Lake Erie
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Diagram 2. Battle of Lake Erie
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Diagram 3. Battle of Lake Erie
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Steel Canal Boats on Erie Canal.
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The Welland Canal, between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie
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American Lock -- Sault Ste. Marie
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Filling American Lock -- Sault Ste. Marie
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New Administration Building. For the use of the officials of the U. S. canal and locks at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
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Scene at the American Canal. Three tugs raising the water in the lock, by the working of their wheels, to lift a barge too deeply loaded.
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Night Scene at Ballard's Reef, Detroit River. A narrow channel of about 17 ½ feet depth at this point in the Detroit river, dug through solid rock and boulders in most parts, is lighted by three gas buoys. Over 30,690,572 tons of cargo was carried by this point in 1897.
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Lake Ontario Lighthouse -- Braddock's Point
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Shooting the Rapids in St. Mary's River
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Steamboat Michigan. Built at Detroit, Mich., in 1833. Length 156 feet; two beam engines of 80 horse power each. From "American Steam Vessels" Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton
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Steamboat Western World. Built at Buffalo in 1854. Length 348 feet; beam 45 feet; engines vertical beam, 1,500 horse power; 2,002 tons; Western World and Plymouth Rock, duplicates, two of the finest side-wheel steamers ever built on the lakes; each cost $250,000; hull timbers diagonally braced with iron; four water tight compartments; ran only a few years. From "American Steam Vessels," Copyright 1895 by Smith & Stanton.
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The First Screw Steamer, Propeller Vandalia
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Passenger Steamer North West
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Steamer Corona
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Passenger Steamer City of Buffalo
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Propeller Merchant. First iron propeller on Great Lakes. Built at Buffalo in 1862; length 200 feet; beam 29 feet; tonnage 861; wrecked at Racine, 1875. From "American Steam Vessels" Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton
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Steel Barge No. 103
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Steel Car Ferry Pere Marquette. Capacity 30 Loaded Freight Cars.
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City of Collingwood
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Rosedale
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Majestic
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United Empire
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Superior City -- Before Launching. First vessel launched from the Lorain shipyard of the Cleveland Ship Building Co.
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Superior City -- After Launching. First vessel launched from the Lorain shipyard of the Cleveland Ship Building Co.
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Side-wheel Steamer Ontario
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Largest Vessel on the Lakes -- Propeller Samuel F. B. Morse
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After a Trip late in the Fall
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Car Ferry Steamer Sainte Marie. Passing through 36 inches of ice.
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The Older Type of Schooners, Grain Carriers
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Mouth of the Detroit River from Bois Blanc Island
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Modern Steel Grain Elevator at Buffalo
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Coal Unloader at Ashtabula
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Iron Ore Shipping Docks, Duluth, Minn. Length of each 2,304 feet; total capacity 100,000 tons; time required to load 5,000 tons of ore into a vessel, one hour.
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Steamer Unloading at Conneaut, Ohio. This plant is used for unloading from the steamer and loading directly into the cars.
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Whaleback Barge unloading under Conveyor. The tramways are 309 feet long, and this plant is used for storage as well as unloading into cars.
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A whaleback tow
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Steamboat Walk-in-the-Water. First steam vessel on Lake Erie. Built at Black Rock, N. Y., 1818; wrecked 1821. From "American Steam Vessels" Copyright 1895. Smith & Stanton.
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Wrecking of the Walk-in-the-Water, November 1, 1821. From an oil painting by Mr. Matthies, made for Thomas and Mary A. W. Palmer, of Detroit, who were on the boat at the time of the disaster, returning home from their wedding trip. The wreck occurred just above the old lighthouse, or nearly opposite the foot of Main Street, Buffalo before daylight. Copy of painting obtained from C. M. Burton, Detroit.
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Steamboat Thomas Jefferson. Built at Erie, Pa., in 1834. Crosshead engine, 150 horse power, placed in the steamboat Louisiana in 1846, and lost with her in 1858. From "American Steam Vessels." copyright 1895 by Smith & Stanton.
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Steamer Caroline, burned and sent over Niagara Falls in 1837. Cassier's Magazine
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Passenger Steamboat Empire. Built at Cleveland, O., in 1844. First steamboat in the United States to measure over 1,000 tons, and when she came out was 200 tons larger than any other steam vessel in the world; length over all 260 feet; engines inclined low pressure, below deck; 600 horse power; later converted into propeller. From "American Steam Vessels." Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Propeller Princeton. Built at Perrysburgh, O., in 1845. First propeller on Great Lakes that had an upper cabin; two twin screw engines; 24-inch cylinder by 24-inches stroke. From "American Steam Vessels." copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Steamboat Indiana. Built at Toledo, O., in 1841. Ran between Toledo and Buffalo until burned at Conneaut, O., in 1848. From "American Steam Vessels." Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Steamboat Atlantic. Built at Newport, Mich., in 1848. Length 267 feet; 1,155 tons; in her day unsurpassed in elegance and convenience; in 1852 run down off Long Point, by propeller Ogdensburg, and sunk; 150 lives lost. From "American Steam Vessels," Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Steamboat Mississippi. Built at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1853. A floating palace; length 335 feet; tonnage 1,829; one beam engine, 82-inch cylinder, 12-feet stroke; three boilers, each 50 feet long by 11 feet diamete; dismantled in 1863, hull remodeled into a dry dock.
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Steamer Lady Elgin. Wrecked off Winnetka, September 8, 1860, by collision with schooner Augusta. 400 passengers on board -- only 98 saved. From a photograph taken as the steamer lay in the Chicago river, between Clark and La Salle streets, September 7, 1860, the day before the disaster. Copy obtained from Capt. James S. Dunham, Chicago.
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Steamboat North Star. Built at Cleveland in 1854. Length 274 feet; 1,106 tons; splendidly furnished for Lake Superior line; speed 16 miles an hour; burned at Cleveland in 1862. From "American Steam Vessels." copyright 1895, by Smith & Stnton.
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Steamboat Western Metropolis. Built at Buffalo in 1856. Length 340 feet; tonnage 1,860; one beam engine, cylinder 76 inches diameter; 12 feet stroke; easily made 21 miles an hour between Buffalo and Toledo; made a bark in 1862, carrying 5,000 yards of canvas, and never beaten by any sail craft; lost on lake Michigan in 1864. From "American Steam Vessels." Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Steamer Milwaukee. Built at Buffalo in 1859. Length 247 feet; tonnage 1,100; wrecked at Grand Haven, Mich., in 1868. From "American Steam Vessels." copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Propeller Ironsides. Built at Cleveland, O., in 1864. Length over 231 feet; tonnage 1,123; an elegant passenger propeller built for the Lake Superior line; transferred to Lake Michigan and lost at Grand Haven in 1873 with twenty-four lives.
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Arrival of whaleback at Cleveland in the Fall.
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Walebacks in winter quarters at West Superior
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The Western Reserve
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Propeller Chicora. Built at Detroit in 1892. Foundered during a gale in Lake Michigan, January 21, 1895; all on board perished. From "American Steam Vessels." Copyright 1895, by Smith & Stanton.
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Wreck Scenes. Propeller St. Magnus; [lower left] A Whaleback collision;. [center] Propeller Corsica after a collision; St. Magnus keeled over at Cleveland; [lower right] Schooner Samana on the beach.
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Wrecking Scene on Lake Michigan. Propeller Keystone and consort J. G. Masten, ashore on Twin River Point, near Two Rivers, Wis. A wrecking tug of Sturgeon Bay released the propeller promptly. The schooner slid off into deep water, foundering very quickly.
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Night scene on Lake Erie
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Whaleback passenger steamer Christopher Columbus
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Steel steamer S. S. Curry
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Schooner Dart on beach near Manitowoc Harbor, Lake Michigan.
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Steel whaleback steamer John Ericsson.
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Detroit Ferry Boat
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Schooner Lookout ashore and abandoned on Two Rivers Point.
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Steel steamer Penobscot.
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Steel steamer Victory
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Steamer Virginia
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Steel steamer Yuma
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Some of the transcription work was also done by Brendon Baillod, who maintains an excellent guide to Great Lakes Shipwreck Research.
