Introduction

1. Harold A. Innis, "Transportation as a Factor in Canadian Economic History," in Essays in Canadian Economic History, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 62.

2. See Glenn Porter, "Recent Trends in Canadian Business and Economic History," in Glenn Porter and Robert D. Cuff, eds., Enterprise and National Development: Essays in Canadian Business and Economic History, (Toronto: Hakkert, 1973), pp. 11-14. Frederick H. Armstrong, "Canadian Business History: Approaches and Publications to 1970," in David S. Macmillan, ed., Canadian Business History: Selected Studies, 1497-1971, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972), pp. 273-275. Michael Bliss, "Economic and Business History," in J.L. Granatstein and Paul Stevens, eds. A Reader's Guide to Canadian History, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982), v. 2, pp. 85-87. Porter's optimism about the "numerous studies of water transport scarcely seems justified by the works he cited. This forms and sharp contrast with the "neglect" evident to both Armstrong and Bliss.

3. Harold A. Innis, A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), p. 74. Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1955), II, 301-302.

4. J.M.S. Careless, "Some Aspects of Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century Ontario," in F.H. Armstrong, H.A. Stevenson, J.D. Wilson, eds., Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Ontario: Essays Presented to James J. Talman, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), pp. 65-67. C.F.J. Whebell, "The Effect of Transport Innovation on the Countryside," in T.A. Crowley, ed., 2nd Annual Agricultural History of Ontario Seminar, Proceedings, (University of Guelph, Office of Continuing Education, 1977), pp. 37-40.

5. William R. Willoughby, The St. Lawrence Waterway: A Study in Politics and Diplomacy, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961). Hugh G.J. Aitken, The Welland Canal Company, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954). Thomas Forsyth McIlwraith, "The Logistical Geography of the Great Lakes Grain Trade, 1820-1850," (University of Wisconsin, Ph.D. thesis, 1973), esp. chap. 6-7.

6. Gerald J.J. Tulchinsky, The River Barons: Montreal Businessmen and the Growth of Industry and Transportation, 1837-53, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), chap. 4.

7. Frederick H. Armstrong, "Capt. Hugh Richardson: First Harbour Master of Toronto," Inland Seas, v. 31 (1975) no. 1, pp. 34-40, 49-50. Peter Baskerville, "Donald Bethune's Steamboat Business: A Study of Upper Canadian Commercial and Financial Practice," Ontario History, v. 67 (1975), no. 3, pp. 135-149. Henry C. Klassen, "L.H. Holton: Montreal Businessman and Politician, 1817-1867," (University of Toronto, Ph.D. thesis, 1970). Tulchinsky, The River Barons. Both Edwin E. Horsey, "The Gildersleeves of Kingston: Their Activities, 1816-1930," (Queen's University, M.A. thesis, 1942) and a largely derivative study, Anna G. Young, Great Lakes Saga: The Influence of one Family on the Development of Canadian Shipping on the Great Lakes, 1816-1931, (Owen Sound: Richardson, Bond and Wright, 1965) contain all the necessary evidence but fail to analyze it.

8. Again the exceptions are Horsey, "Gildersleeves", and Young, Great Lakes Saga.

9. These themes emerge, on varying levels of consciousness, in Bruce Peel, Steamboats on the Saskatchewan, (Saskatoon: Western Producer, 1972). Ted Barris, Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977). Art Downs, Paddlewheels on the Frontier: The Story of British Columbia and Yukon Sternwheel Steamers, (Sidney, B.C.: Gray's Publishing, 1972). Gordon Bennett, Yukon Transportation: A History, (Canadian Historic Sites, Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History no. 19, Ottawa: National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, 1978).

10. Howard Pammet, "The Steamboat Era on the Trent-Otonabee Waterway, 1830-1950," Ontario History, v. 56 (1964) no. 2, pp. 67-103. Richard Tatley, Steamboating on the Trent-Severn, (Belleville: Mika Publishing Co., 1978). John Craig, By the Sound of Her Whistle, (Toronto: Peter Martin Associates, 1966). George R. Taylor, Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860, (Economic History of the United States, v. 4, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1951). Tulchinsky, The River Barons. Arthur L. Johnson, "The Transportation Revolution on Lake Ontario, 1817-1867: Kingston and Ogdensburg," Ontario History, v. 67 (1975) no. 4, pp. 199-209.

11. Taylor, Transportation Revolution, p. 74.

12. T.C. Keefer, Philosophy of Railroads and other Essays, (ed. H.V. Nelles, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), pp. 146-147.

13. Johnson, "Transportation Revolution," p. 209.

14. Edward J. Chambers, "Late Nineteenth Century Business Cycles in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, v. 30 (1964) no. 3, pp. 391-412. Fernand Ouellet, Economic and Social History of Quebec, 1760-1850: Structures and Conjonctures, (Carleton Library no. 120, Gage, 1980), chap. 1.

15. W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1963), chap. 12. Gilbert Norman Tucker, The Canadian Commercial Revolution, 1845-1851, (Carleton Library no. 19, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964). William L. Marr and Donald G. Paterson, Canada: An Economic History, (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1980), pp. 311-317.

16. See A.W. Currie, The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957). See also Brian Young, George-Etienne Cartier: Montreal Bourgeois, (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1981), pp. 108-118.

17. Peter Charlebois, Sternwheelers & Sidewheelers: The Romance of Steam-driven Paddleboats in Canada, (Toronto: NC Press, 1978), p. 19. H.A. Musham, "Early Great Lakes Steamboats: The First Propellers," American Neptune, v. 17 (1957), pp. 89-104.

18. H.A. Mushham, "Early Great Lakes Steamboats: The Ontario and the Frontenac," American Neptune, v. 3 (1943) no. 4, p. 336. Young, Great Lakes Saga, p. 11. J. Ross Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto: A Collection of Historical Sketches of the Old Town of York from 1792 until 1833 and of Toronto from 1834 to 1895, (Toronto: J. Ross Robertson, 1895), II, 842. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, pp. 56-57. P. Baskerville, "The Entrepreneur and the Metropolitan Impulse: James Gray Bethune and Cobourg, 1825-1836," in J. Petryshyn, et. al., ed., Victorian Cobourg: A Nineteenth Century Profile, (Belleville: Mika Publishing, 1976), p. 65.

19. Kingston Chronicle (hereafter KC), 4 Sept. 1830, 19 Nov. 1831, 10 Mar. 1832. Kingston Chronicle and Gazette (hereafter KCG), 23 Jan. 1836, 6 Jan. 1838.

20. Archives of Ontario, (AO) Macaulay Papers, John Macaulay to Ann Macaulay, 1 Nov. 1840. See also John Macaulay to John Kirby, 16 Dec. 1840 and KCG, 9 Aug. 1837.

21. Hugh Richardson, Steam Navigation on Lake Ontario, (York: J. Carey, 1825), following p. 18. Armstrong, "Capt. Hugh Richardson," p. 36. Queen's University Archives (QUA), Calvin Company Papers, v. 157, "Account Book of the Bay of Quinte Steamboat Co." pp. 65-66.

22. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, chap. 3. Klassen, L.H. Holton, p. 99. Edward Forbes Bush, Commercial Navigation on the Rideau Canal, 1832-1961, (History and Archaeology 54, Parks Canada, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, 1981), pp. 92-114.

23. AO, Macaulay Papers, John to A. Macaulay, 26 Nov. 1840.

24. Louis C. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949), pp. 320-321.

Chapter 1
The Lake Ontario And River St. Lawrence Line (1838-1840)

1. KC, 14 Jan. 1825. PAC, MG 24, I 26, Alexander Hamilton Papers, v. 4, John Hamilton to Robert Hamilton, 19 Jan., 21 Apr. 1825.

2. Ibid., v. 2, "Statement of the Estate of the late Robert Hamilton Esquire," "Copy of Nos. drawn by Mr. John Hamilton." (For a rough conversion rate see Douglas McCalla, The Upper Canada Trade, 1834-1872: A Study of the Buchanans' Business, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), p. 19 note.) H.F. Gardiner, "The Hamiltons of Queenston, Kingston and Hamilton," Ontario Historical Society, Papers and Records, v. 8 (1907), p. 33.

3. Peter Baskerville, "John Hamilton," Dictionary of Canadian Biography, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982), XI, 377-378.

4. Gardiner, "The Hamiltons," pp. 24-33. Edward Marion Chadwick, Ontarian Families: Genealogies of United Empire Loyalist and other Pioneer Families of Upper Canada, (Belleville: Mika Silk Screening, 1972), I, 143-149. "Marriage Licenses issued at Queenston, 1829-1830," The Ontario Register, v. 6 (1982), no. 3, p. 173.

5. Upper Canada, Legislative Council, Journals, 1831-1840. Province of Canada, Legislative Council, Journals, 1841-1866. Canada, Senate, Journals, 1867-1881. Upper Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1836, Appendix 11, "Commissioners for the Improvement of the Navigation of the River St. Lawrence, Report." Donald Swainson, "Kingstonians in the Second Parliament: Portrait of an Elite Group," in Gerald Tulchinsky, ed., To Preserve & Defend: Essays on Kingston in the Nineteenth Century, (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976), pp. 271-272.

6. For brief biographies of David John and his father Peter, see Kathryn M. Bindon, Kingston: A Social History, 1785-1830, (Queen's University, Ph. D. Thesis, 1979), pp. 591, 596-598.

7. KC, 26 Nov. 1824, 2 Jan. 1830. KCG, 17 May 1834, 4 Mar. 1835.

8. KC, 22 Mar. 1822, 21 Jan. 1832. KCG, 14 Oct. 1835, 1 July 1837, 1 Feb. 1840. British Whig (Kingston), (hereafter BW), 9 Feb., 19 Feb. 1847.

9. Peter Baskerville, "Donald Bethune," Dictionary of Canadian Biography, IX, 49. S.F. Wise, "Tory Factionalism: Kingston Elections and Upper Canadian Politics, 1820-1836," Ontario History, v. 57 (1965) no. 4, pp. 216-218. PAC, RG 5, Series A1, v. 46, pp. 22702-4, Charles Jones to ?, 31 Jan. 1820.

10. Baskerville, "Bethune's Steamboat Business," p. 136.

11. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, pp. 43-44.

12. KC, 10 Mar. 1832. BW, 14 Aug. 1835, 21 July 1838. KCG, 1 Apr. 1835. PAC, RG 8, C Series, v. 378, p. 99, A Jones to ?, 15 July 1839; pp. 115-116, D.B.O. Ford to Col. Phillpotts, 5 Feb. 1839. Upper Canada, Queen's Bench Reports, v. 3, pp. 170-172, Jones v. Hamilton (hereafter cited: 3 UCQB 170-172, Jones v. Hamilton).

13. Elva M. Richards, "The Joneses of Brockville and the Family Compact," Ontario History, v. 60 (1968) no. 4, pp. 169-184. KCG, 29 June 1833, 17 May 1834.

14. Horsey, The Gildersleeves. Duncan L. McDowall, Kingston 1846-1854: A Study of Economic Change in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Canadian Community, (Queen's University, M.A. Thesis, 1973), pp. 134-135. KCG, 11 Feb. 1837. BW, 20 Apr. 1849. QUA, Calvin Co. Papers, v. 157, pp. 65-66.

15. Upper Canada Jurist, III, 129-161, Ex parte Street in re Richardson.

16. Armstrong, "Capt. Hugh Richardson." For evidence of his original promotion, see also Richardson, Steam Navigation on Lake Ontario.

17. For a definition see S.F. Wise, "Upper Canada and the Conservative Tradition," in Edith G. Firth, ed., Profiles of a Province: Studies in the History of Ontario, (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1967), pp. 22-24.

18. Helen I. Cowan, British Emigration to British North America, (rev. ed., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), p. 289.

19. McIlwraith, Great Lakes Grain Trade, p. 117. See also p. 107.

20. Upper Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1837, Report of Select Committee to which was referred the subject of the Monetary System of the Province, p. iv.

21. George W. Spragge, ed., "The Steamship Traveller and the Rebellion of 1837," Ontario History, v. 52 (1960) no. 4, pp. 251-256. PAC, RG 8, C Series, v. 378, 32ff, Memorandum from D. Bethune, 21 Feb. 1838.

22. J. Mackay Hitsman, Safeguarding Canada, 1763-1871, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), pp. 133-134.

23. PAC, MG 24, I 26, v. 4, John Hamilton to Robert Hamilton, 21 Apr. 1825.

24. KCG, 14 Mar. 1838.

25. KCG, 11 Apr. 1838.

26. Ibid.

27. 3 UCQB 170-171, Jones v. Hamilton.

28. KCG, 11 Apr. 1838.

29. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II, 854, 857. PAC, RG 1, E 3, v. 21, pp. 8-10, Petition of H. Dickenson & Co.

30. Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1846, Appendix F, Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Affairs of the Post Office in British North America, (hereafter cited: Post Office Commission, Report) Letters M10, 15, 38, 46, 57, 61.

31. William Smith, The History of the Post Office in British North America, 1639-1870, (Cambridge, at the University Press, 1920), pp. 150-152. PAC, MG 40, L, v. 9, C.A. Hagerman to T.A. Stayner, 7 Sept. 1838 (enclosed in 28 Nov. 1839 dispatch).

32. T.A. Stayner to the Editor, Morning Courier, 25 July 1838, quoted in KCG, 1 Aug. 1838. PAC, MG 40, L, v. 9, p. 432, T.A. Stayner to W. L. Maberly, 9 Oct. 1840.

33. BW, 7 Apr. 1838. KCG, 11 Apr. 1838. In fact, John Counter, a co-director of the Marine Railway (ibid., 14 Mar. 1838) and a co-shareholder with Gildersleeve in the Kingston (ibid., 12 Apr. 1837) had personally chartered the Brockville (BW, 16 June, 13 July 1838). Counter had also been the agent for Hamilton's Great Britain the previous season (KCG, 14 Oct. 1837).

34. Ibid., 30 May 1838. BW, 21 July 1838. Wise's study of the attitudes of British North Americans towards the U.S. ignores the distinctions which in a contemporary paper he had drawn between the various strains of Upper Canadian conservatism. S.F. Wise, "Colonial Attitudes from the Era of the War of 1812 to the Rebellions of 1837," in S.F. Wise and Robert Craig Brown, eds., Canada Views the United States: Nineteenth-Century Political Attitudes, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1967), pp. 16-43, and esp. 40-42.

35. Charles R. Sanderson, ed., The Arthur Papers, (Toronto: Toronto Public Libraries and the University of Toronto Press, 1957), I, 124. BW, 4 July 1838. KCG, 18 July 1838, 15 June 1839, 30 May 1840, 19 June 1839. AO, Aikens-Sutherland Papers, Steamboat Traveller share certificate.

36. KCG, 12 Sept. 1838.

37. Ibid., 11 Feb. 1837, 11 Apr., 2 May 1838. The Ontario, launched in 1839 (KCG, 7 Sept., 11 Sept. 1839) was sold (ibid., 19 Aug. 1840) before the newest boat, the Niagara, made her first trip up the lake (ibid., 31 Oct. 1840).

38. Ibid., 11 Apr. 1838 and subsequent advertisements. See also Hamilton Public Library, James Sutherland Cash Book, pp. 132-133. QUA, James Sutherland Papers, James to Margaret Sutherland, 7 Dec. 1841.

39. Cowan, British Emigration, p. 289.

40. McIlwraith, Great Lakes Grain Trade, p. 107.

41. Great Britain, House of Commons, Return to an Order of the Honourable The House of Commons, dated 27 February 1844; for, Return of the Charges incurred on account of the Canadas, in respect of the Army, Navy, Ordnance and Commissariat in each of the Years 1835 to 1843, inclusive, p. 2.

42. The Cobourg was sold at auction early in 1841. KCG, 14 Nov. 1840 (ad.).

43. Ibid., 30 Sept., 31 Oct. 1840.

44. Ibid., 11 Apr., 27 May, 20 June 1840.

45. O.S. 6 UCQB 381-405, Hamilton v. The Niagara Harbour and Dock Co. Hamilton had failed to secure a written contract marked by the company seal.

46. 3 UCQB 170-172, Jones v. Hamilton.

47. O.S. 6 UCQB 105, Bethune v. Hamilton. KCG, 31 Oct. 1840.

48. James Cull to C. Poulett Thompson, quoted in ibid., 9 May 1840. See also 13 June 1840. O.S. 6 UCQB 612-617, Counter v. Hamilton.

Chapter 2
The Sub-contract Model (1841-1849)

1. PAC, MG 40, L, v. 9, T.A. Stayner to W.L. Maberly, 9 Oct. 1840.

2. Ibid.

3. PAC, RG 4, C1, v. 15, file #2347, John Hamilton to T.A. Stayner, 19 May 1840, T.A. Stayner to T.W.C. Murdoch, 20 May 1840; v. 17, file #2770, T.A. Stayner to Mr. Hamilton, 22 May 1840, J. Hamilton to T.A. Stayner, 5 June 1840, T.A. Stayner to T.W.C. Murdoch, 8 June 1840.

4. KCG, 11 Nov. 1840.

5. Post Office Commission, Report, D25, "Contract for Steamboat Mail between Toronto and Dickinson's Landing."

6. AO, Macaulay Papers, J. Macaulay to John Kirby, 14 Dec. 1840. PAC, RG3, Series 1, v. 3, T.A. Stayner to Lt. Col. Maberly, 7 Jan. 1845.

7. Baskerville, "Bethune's Steamboat Business," p. 142.

8. AO, Macaulay Papers, J. Macaulay to John Kirby, 24 Dec. 1840. O.S. 6 UCQB 105, Bethune v. Hamilton. PAC, MG24, D24, pp. 236-244, D. Bethune vs. J. Hamilton, An Affidavit in Chancery, 24 July 1840.

9. Post Office Commission, Report, D25.

10. Dick had been captain of the Gore in 1840. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II, 873. AO, Macaulay Papers, John Macaulay to A. Macaulay, 26 Nov. 1840. Post Office Commission, Report, D29.

11. KCG, 4 Mar. 1835, 7 Apr. 1841. Post Office Commission, Report, D29.

12. KCG, 14 Nov. 1840.

13. Ibid., 9 June 1841. The Brockville charter probably ran until 1843 as an 1842 excursion group using the vessel voted thanks to Hamilton for making the vessel available to them. Ibid., 27 Aug. 1842.

14. Cobourg Star, 7 [sic] Apr. 1840. Post Office Commission, Report, D30 and following comments.

15. AO, Macaulay Paper, John Macaulay to A. Macaulay, 26 Nov. 1840. KCG, 18 Aug., 29 Sept. 1841.

16. AO, Macaulay Papers, Jno. Macaulay to John Kirby, 12 Jan. 1841.

17. KCG, 14 July, 29 Sept. 1841. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II, 864 dates the Niagara sale as 1842, a date supported by QUA, Sutherland Papers, James to Margaret Sutherland, 7 Dec. 1841.

18. KCG, 15 Aug. 1840. D. Bethune, Copy of Letter to His Excellency Sir Benjamin D'Urban G.C.B., K.C.H. Commanding the Forces in Canada, (1847). Great Britain, House of Commons, "Return to an Order of the Honourable The House of Commons, dated 27 February 1844; for, Return of the Charges incurred on account of the Canadas, in respect of the Army, Navy, Ordnance and Commissariat in each of the Years 1835 to 1843, inclusive...", p. 2.

19. Cowan, British Emigration, pp. 225-226.

20. PAC, RG 7, G20, v. 24, #2808, "Emigration: Statement of Expenditure in July 1843; v. 32, #3571, Murray & Sanderson to J.M. Higginson, July 1844 with enclosures.

21. PAC, RG 7, G20, v. 44, #4883, "Statement of the Expenditure incurred in forwarding and relieving destitute Emigrants at [the] Quebec Agency & the Expense of Transport incurred at Montreal, 1847."

22. PAC, RG 7, G20, v. 40, #4467, A.B. Hawke to Hugh Richardson, 26 May 1846; #4472, A.B. Hawke to J.M. Higginson, 11 June 1846.

23. PAC, RG 3, Series 12, v. 1, p. 45.

24. Canada, Sessional Papers (1867), no. 8, General Report of the Commissioner of Public Works for the Year Ending 30th June 1867, pp. 9, 15, 18.

25. KCG, 14 July 1841, 16 Apr. 1842, 15 July 1843. BW, 4 Sept. 1847.

26. PAC, RG 3, Series 1, v. 4, p. 35, T.A. Stayner to Lieut. Col. Maberly, 18 Mar. 1846.

27. Post Office Commission, Report, D25.

28. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 10 Jan., 12 Jan. 1850.

29. See note 25.

30. PAC, RG 7, G14, v. 17, pp. 9374-7, J. Sutherland to W.H. Draper, 3 Oct. 1845.

31. See below, p. 10.

32. PAC, MG24, D24, pp. 159-166, T.A. Stayner to D. Bethune, 16 Dec. 1850; RG 3, Series 4, v. 55, J. Morris to Hon. John Hamilton, 6 Dec. 1852.

33. QUA, Sutherland Papers, James Sutherland to Donald Bethune, 21 Jan. 1850; Donald Bethune to Capt. Willoughby, 7 Mar. 1850.

34. Bruce A. Parker, "The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company," Ontario History, v. 72 (June 1980) no. 2, pp. 108-109. 7 UCQB 254, McDonell et. al., Assignees of Donald Bethune, a Bankrupt v. The Bank of Upper Canada (hereafter McD v. BUC).

35. AO, Aikins-Sutherland Papers, "Note Book of the S.B. St. George as commanded by Capt. James Sutherland." Erik Heyl, Early American Steamers, (Buffalo: Erik Heyl, 1964), III, 322. BW, 26 Aug. 1845 (quoting Globe (Toronto)).

36. KCG, 26 Apr. 1843, 10 June 1848. BW, 3 July 1847.

37. O.S. 6 UCQB 612-617, Counter v. Hamilton. KCG, 24 June 1840. BW, 18 Apr. 1849, 30 Mar. 1850.

38. 7 UCQB 254, McD v. BUC.

39. Parker, "Niagara Harbour and Dock Company," p. 111. 8 UCQB 459, Cayley v. McDonell et. al., Assignees of Bethune.

40. QUA, Max Magill Papers, II, 32.

41. University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Library, Elmsley Papers, v. 1, John Elmsley to D. Bethune, 28 July 1845 and note; John Elmsley to Jas. Browne, 22 Jan. 1846 (not sent). PAC, MG 24, D24, Indenture of Mortgage, Donald Bethune to Capt. Patrick Wallace, 24 June 1844. 7 UCQB 265, McD v. BUC.

42. PAC, MG 24, D24, Indenture between Donald Bethune and Andrew Heron and Thomas Dick, 11 Aug. 1848; RG 3, Series 1, v. 12, pp. 629-630, T.A. Stayner to Donald Bethune, 25 Apr. 1849. 8 UCQB 90-93, Bank of British North America v. Jones et. al., Executors of Jones, Deceased.

43. 7 UCQB 264, McD v. BUC. BW, 26 Aug. 1845 (quoting Globe).

44. Baskerville, "John Hamilton," p. 378. KCG, 9 June, 6 Nov. 1841. Margaret Angus, Old Stones of Kingston: Its Buildings before 1867, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), p. 44.

45. QUA, Macpherson and Crane Letterbooks, Macpherson and Crane to [Macpherson, Crane & Co.] 15 Aug. 1845. PAC, MG24, D24, F.A. Harper to D. Bethune, 28 Oct. 1845.

46. KCG, 14 Dec. 1842.

47. None of these were directly related to the loss of the mail contract, rather it simply affected Hamilton's ability to pay. OS 6 UCQB 381-405, Hamilton v. The Niagara Harbour and Dock Co. 3 UCQB 170-172, Jones v. Hamilton. OS 6 UCQB 612-617, Counter v. Hamilton. Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library, S.P. Jarvis Papers, B67, John Hamilton to S.P. Jarvis, 19 Dec. 1842. The extent to which Hamilton may have been affected by the failure of his brother's Niagara Suspension Bridge Bank late in 1841 is unknown.

48. PAC, RG 3, Series 1, v. 4, p. 35, T.A. Stayner to Lieut. Col. Maberly, 18 Mar. 1846.

49. Ibid.

50. PAC, RG 3, Series 1, v. 4, pp. 136-138, T.A. Stayner to Lieut. Col. Maberly, 11 July 1846; p. 139, Schedules of Tenders for the conveyance of Her Majesty's Mails between Montreal and Toronto called for by D.P. M. Gen. advertisement dated 4th June 1846.

51. PAC, RG 3, Series 1, v. 8, pp. 300-301, N.S. Griffin to Hon. D. Daly, 12 Oct. 1846.

52. QUA, Macpherson and Crane Letterbooks, Macpherson and Crane [Kingston] to Macpherson and Crane [Bytown], 15 Aug. 1845.

53. Ibid., J. Macpherson & Co. to D. Bethune, 1 July 1845; Macpherson & Crane to Macpherson, Crane & Co., 9 Aug., 15 Aug., 22 Aug. 1845. KCG, 30 Aug. 1845. PAC, MG 24, D24, F.A. Harper to D. Bethune, 28 Oct. 1845. PAC, RG 11, v. 119, Thomas A. Begly to D. Bethune, 30 Aug., 23 Sept. 1845.

54. 7 UCQB, 254, McD v. BUC. 8 UCQB 459, Cayley v. McDonell et. al., Assignees of Bethune. PAC, MG24, D24, Indenture of Mortgage, Donald Bethune to Capt. Patrick Wallace, 24 June 1844.

55. 7 UCQB 254, 261, 264-265, McD v. BUC.

56. Ibid., p. 264.

57. Ibid., p. 265.

58. Canada Gazette, no. 375 (2 Dec. 1848), p. 5986; no. 377 (16 Dec. 1848), p. 6033; no. 378 (23 Dec. 1848), p. 6056.

59. 8 UCQB 355, Lyman et. al. v. Bank of Upper Canada.

60. BW, 15 May 1849.

61. BW, 18 Apr., 27 June 1849.

62. BW, 25 May, 27 June, 27 July 1849.

63. BW, 26 July 1849.

64. 8 UCQB 354-363, Lyman et. al. v. Bank of Upper Canada.

65. PAC, RG 5, C1, v. 275, #1946, T.A. Stayner to Hon. Jas. Leslie, 4 Oct. 1849. QUA, Sutherland Papers, James Sutherland to Captain Willoughby, 2 Jan. 1850.

66. PAC, RG 5, C1, v. 275, #1946, T.A. Stayner to Hon. James Leslie, 4 Oct. 1849.

67. Province of Canada, Statutes, 12 Vic., c. 75.

68. 7 GCR 2, Patterson v. Holland.

69. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 10 Jan., 12 Jan. 1850; James Sutherland to Donald Bethune, 21 Jan. 1850.

Chapter 3
The Cartel Model (1850-1855)

1. J.M.S. Careless, The Union of the Canadas: The Growth of Canadian Institutions, 1841-1857, (Canadian Centenary Series, Toronto: McClelland And Stewart, 1967), pp. 132-135.

2. Jacob Spelt, Urban Development in South-Central Ontario, (Carleton Library no. 57, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1972), pp. 109-112. G.P. de T. Glazebrook, A History of Transportation in Canada, (Carleton Library nos. 11-12, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964), I, 163-164. R. Cole Harris and John Warkentin, Canada before Confederation: A Study in Historical Geography, (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 154-156.

3. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 206, p. 307; v. 321, p. 70. BW, 18 Apr. 1849.

4. PAC, RG 3, Series 12, v. 1, p. 54. Baskerville, "John Hamilton," p. 378.

5. PAC, RG 3, Series 12, v. 1, p. 54.

6. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, pp. 41, 43. Klassen, L.H. Holton, p. 117.

7. QUA, Sutherland Papers, James Sutherland to Capt. Willoughby, 28 Dec. 1849.

8. 8 UCQB 91, Bank of British North America v. Jones et. al., executors of Jones, Deceased. KCG, 3 Apr. 1841 (quoting Niagara Chronicle).

9. BW, 1 Apr. 1850. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 21 Jan., 11 Mar. 1851.

10. 7 GCR 2-3, Patterson v. Holland. PAC, MG 24, D24, Memorandum of Agreement between Bank of Upper Canada, Donald Bethune and Donald Bethune & Co., 11 Jan. 1850.

11. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 12 Jan. 1850; Donald Bethune to Capt. Willoughby, 7 Mar. 1850; James Willoughby to James Sutherland, 23 Mar. 1850.

12. Franklin B. Hough, A History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, New York from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, (Albany: Little & Co., 1853), pp. 565-567.

13. Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library, Capt. James Van Cleve Historical Notes, Mss, p. 51. Hough, History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, p. 567.

14. History of the Great Lakes, (Chicago: J.H. Beers, 1899), I, 443.

15. Ibid., pp. 443-444.

16. Upper Canada, House of Assembly, Appendix to the Journals, 1839, II, pt. 2, p. 840. BW, 3 Oct. 1845.

17. Alfred E. Kahn, "Cartels and Trade Associations," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Macmillan, 1968), II, 320.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 321. Daniel Marx jr., International Shipping Cartels: A Study of Industrial Self-Regulation by Shipping Conferences, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 3. B.M. Deakin, Shipping Conferences: A Study of their Origins and Economic Practices, (Cambridge: University Press, 1973), p. 22.

20. BW, 29 Apr., 30 Apr., 6 May 1850. PAC, MG 24, D24, Articles of Agreement..., 25 Apr. 1850.

21. Ibid., section 1.

22. Ibid., sections 2-4.

23. Ibid., section 5.

24. See, for example, QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 12 Jan. 1850.

25. PAC, MG 24, D24, Articles of Agreement..., 25 Apr. 1850, section 5.

26. Ibid., N. McIver to Donald Bethune, 6 July 1848.

27. Ibid., Articles of Agreement ..., 25 Apr. 1850, sections 23, 6, 10, 11, 8.

28. Ibid., section 19.

29. Ibid., Wm. Colcleugh to Donald Bethune, 19 Mar. 1853.

30. Ibid., Articles of Agreement ..., 25 Apr. 1850, sections 15-16.

31. Globe, 2 May 1850.

32. PAC, MG 24, D24, Articles of Agreement..., 25 Apr. 1850, section 13. BW, 25 July 1850.

33. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 22 Feb. 1851. PAC, MG 24, D24, Articles of Agreement, 24 Jan. 1852 (in fact notes on a draft of the 1850 agreement). Ibid., Wm. Colcleugh to Donald Bethune, 19 Mar. 1853. BW, 13 Feb., 13 Apr. 1854. Daily News (Kingston) (hereafter DN), 22 Feb. 1855. QUA, Kirkpatrick Family Papers, v. 12, Stafford Kirkpatrick to Wm. Colcleugh, 10 Mar. 1855.

34. The 1852 revisions have survived because they are clearly discernable as emendations to the draft of the 1850 articles in the Bethune Papers (PAC, MG 24, D24).

35. There was serious discussion of bribing Dick in order to get him to stay off the mail line route. QUA, Sutherland Papers, Donald Bethune to James Sutherland, 21 Jan., 11 Mar. 1851.

36. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, pp. 42-43. Klassen, L.H. Holton, pp. 128-129. DN, 26 Nov. 1852.

37. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 178, pp. 5-6; v. 205, 143ff.

38. Hamilton operated four of the eight vessels in the line.

39. 7 GCR 2-3, Patterson v. Holland.

40. BW, 23 Apr., 30 Apr. 1850. Compare the rates from Montreal to Prescott/Ogdensburg, Kingston/Cape Vincent, Niagara/Lewiston in Great Britain, House of Commons, Fourteenth General Report of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, 1854, App. 63, and Great Britain, House of Commons, Return to an Address ... for Copies or Extracts of Despatches Relative to Emigration to the North American Colonies ... 13 July 1855, p. 21.

41. BW, 13 Apr., 18 Apr., 19 May 1854.

42. PAC, RG 30, v. 1, Great Western Railway, General Meetings of Shareholders, Minute Book, 12 Mar. 1856.

43. QUA, Kirkpatrick Family Papers, Letterbooks, v. 12, Stafford Kirkpatrick to Wm. Colcleugh, 10 Mar. 1855. PAC, RG 3, Series 4, v. 59, W.H. Griffin to John Hamilton and James Sutherland, 31 Oct. 1856. BW, 19 May 1854. Hamilton Gazette, 19 June 1854.

44. See, for example, BW, 28 Mar. 1850, 12 Apr. 1855. This, of course, was by no means a recent innovation.

45. BW, 28 Mar. 1850, 7 Apr., 1 Sept. 1851, 23 Apr. 1852.

46. DN, 21 Aug. 1855 (quoting Montreal Advertiser), 29 Sept. 1855 (quoting Montreal Pilot).

47. Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1852, App. V, Annual Report of the Postmaster General, n. 2, p. 23.

48. Ibid., 1854, App. F; 1856, App. 27. PAC, RG 3, Series 12, v. 2 (2).

49. PAC, MG 24, D24, Articles of Agreement ..., 25 Apr. 1850, section 10. QUA, Sutherland Papers, D. Bethune to James Sutherland, 18 Mar. 1851.

50. Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada, Report of Sir Cusack R. Roney, Mr. A.M. Rose, Mr. S.P. Bidder to the London Board of Directors, (London: John Thomas Norris, May 1855), p. 6.

51. Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals, 1854, App. OO, Thomas Blatherwick to Hon. P.J.O. Chauveau, 19 Aug. 1854.

52. For the origins of some of the upward and downward bound passengers see BW, 27 May, 29 July 1851.

53. Robert W.S. Mackay, The Traveller's Guide to the River St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, (Montreal: Robert W.S. Mackay, 1845), pp. 14-15. BW, 27 July 1849.

54. Great Britain, House of Commons, Return to an Address...for Copies or Extracts of Despatches Relative to Emigration to the North American Colonies ..., 25 July 1856, pp. 25-26.

55. Tulchinsky, The River Barons, pp. 42-43. Klassen, L.H. Holton, pp. 128-129.

56. 7 GCR 3, Patterson v. Holland.

57. Ibid. Harvard University, Baker Library, Dun and Bradstreet Papers, R.G. Dun & co., Credit Ledgers, Canada, v. 26, p. 82.

Chapter 4
Competition and the Crash (1856-1861)

1. DN, 29 Aug. 1856. For statements of losses see PAC, RG 30, v. 107, 109.

2. PAC, RG 3, Series 4, W.H. Griffin to John Hamilton and James Sutherland, 31 Oct. 1856.

3. Canada, Sessional Papers 1867, no. 8, General Report of the Commissioner of Public Works, App. 70, pp. 482, 552. These figures date from Confederation but exclude the mail subsidy, the major handout after 1860.

4. G.R. Stevens, Canadian National Railways, (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1960) I, chap. IX. Currie, Grand Trunk, pp. 47-48. L.A. Lovett, Canada and the Grand Trunk, 1829-1924: The genesis of railway construction in British America and the story of The Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada from its inception to its acquisition by Canada, (New York: Arno Press, 1981), p. 51.

5. Cowan, British Emigration, p. 289. Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals 1856, App. 29, Tables of Trade and Navigation, Canals, Table 11. Canada, Legislative Assembly, Sessional Papers 1861, no. 2, Tables of Trade and navigation, Canals, no. 12.

6. "Annual Report of the Toronto Board of Trade," Canadian Merchant's Magazine and Commercial Review, v. 2 (Feb. 1858) no. 5, pp. 395-397.

7. Currie, Grand Trunk, pp. 74-76.

8. Canada. Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Affairs of the Grand Trunk Railway, Report, (1861) p. 44 (hereafter the Langton Commission, Report.) Currie, Grand Trunk, pp. 74-76.

9. Ibid.

10. Stevens, Canadian National Railways, I, 109-112. Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals 1854-5, App. YY, Reports of the Commissioners appointed to Inquire into a series of Accidents and Detentions on the Great Western Railway, Canada West.

11. Keefer, Philosophy of Railroads, p. 9.

12. Quote from DN, 3 Aug. 1857. See also 20 Mar. 1857, 24 July 1858.

13. Captain Horton Rhys, A Theatrical Trip for a Wager!: Through Canada and the United States, (Vancouver: Alcuin Society, 1866), p. 204. The rates quoted were from about 1859.

14. Canada, Legislative Council, Journals, 27 June 1856, 19 May 1857. Compare with Currie, Grand Trunk, p. 60.

15. Ibid.The Canadian Merchant's Magazine and Commercial Review, v. 1 (July 1857) no. 4, pp. 332-334. DN, 22 May, 10 June 1857, 9 Jan. 1863.

16. William Kingsford, The Canadian Canals: Their History and Cost, with an inquiry into the Policy necessary to Advance the Well-Being of the Province, (Toronto: Rollo & Adam, 1865), pp. 131-137. Canada Gazette, v. 19 (2 June 1860) no. 22, p. 1522.

17. Weekly British Whig (Kingston), 18 Apr. 1856. (Hereafter WBW)

18. DN, 28 Mar. 1857 (quoting Toronto Leader). BW, 24 Mar. 1859 (quoting Globe).

19. BW, 29 June 1859. WBW, 22 May 1861. History of the Great Lakes, I, 192.

20. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II, 908 (quoting Leader, 2 Apr. 1858.)

21. DN, 14 Nov. 1857, 5 Feb., 7 Apr. 1858 (quoting Rochester Union and Advertizer.)

22. Ibid., 14 Apr. 1858. BW, 29 Apr. 1859 (quoting Oswego Times.)

23. Parker, "Niagara Harbour and Dock Co.," p. 114. WBW, 28 June 1861. Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals 1854, App. EE, no. 18. DN, 18 June 1855, 25 Mar. 1858.

24. DN, 30 Oct. 1857, 25 Mar. 1858.

25. 8 UCCP 67-68, Dick v. Heron.

26. BW, 24 Mar. 1859. WBW, 28 June 1861.

27. Full Details of the Railway Disaster of the 12th of March, 1857, at the Desjardins canal, On the Line of the Great Western Railway, (Hamilton: William A. Shepherd & Co., 1857).

28. AO, RG 22, Series G-1, James Sutherland file.

29. Harvard University, Baker Library, Dun and Bradstreet Papers, R.G. Dun & Co. Credit Ledgers, Canada, v. 15, p. 136. BW, 30 Jan. 1851, 5 Oct. 1854. DN, 14 Apr. 1852. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 176, p. 47; v. 178, pp. 5-6; v. 206, pp. 173-186.

30. DN, 5 Apr. 1858 (quoting Toronto Colonist.)

31. WBW, 8 May 1857.

32. BW, 5 July 1859 (quoting Quebec Chronicle.) Canada, Legislative Assembly, Journals 1859, p. 121.

33. DN, 24 Nov. 1859 (quoting Montreal Transcript.)

34. Langton Commission, Report, App. IV, pp. 33-35.

35. QUA, Canada Steamship Lines Papers, v. 14, La Societée de Navigation du St. Laurent & du Richelieu, Minutes, 5 Avr. 1860. (hereafter CSL Papers, v. 14)

36. Canada, Legislative Assembly, Sessional Papers 1861, no. 3, Public Accounts of the Province of Canada. Table 12, General Statement of the Expenditure made by the Receiver General: Reception of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. Langton Commission, Report, App. XII, pp. 76-77.

37. Ibid., App. IV, p. 34. Currie, Grand Trunk, p. 73.

38. Currie, Grand Trunk, p. 73.

39. Langton Commission, Report, App. XII, pp. 76-77.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid. ½($70,710) - ½($4000+$4000+$4000+$4000+x) = $27,354 -½x where 'x' equals any hidden charges.

42. Globe, 21 May 1860.

43. Langton Commission, Report, p. 49.

44. W. Stewart Wallace, ed., The Macmillan Dictionary of Canadian Biography, (4th ed., Toronto: Macmillan, 1978), p. 331, ignores the bankruptcy while Baskerville, "John Hamilton," p. 378 only refers to a "brief retirement." M.J. Patton, "Shipping and Canals," in Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, eds., Canada & Its Provinces, (Toronto: Glasgow, Brook, 1914), X, 539 says Hamilton was forced to sell out! See also James Croil, Steam Navigation and its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and the United States, (Toronto: William Briggs, 1898), p. 328.

45. Harvard University, Baker Library, Dun and Bradstreet Papers, R.G. Dun & Co. Credit Ledgers, Canada, v. 15, pp. 94, 98.

46. Canada, Statutes, 8 Vic., c. 5, s. 2, 13, 23. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 178, pp. 5-6.

47. AO, Land Registry Office Records, City of Kingston, Deeds, E40, E41. Angus, Old Stones of Kingston, p. 44.

48. AO, Land Registry Office Records, Frontenac County, Deeds, P 45, P46; City of Kingston, Deeds, D661.

49. Ibid., D124, D475, D661.

50. PAC, MG 24, I 26, v. 2, "R. Hamilton Estate Division, Copy of Nos. Drawn by Mr. John Hamilton."

51. This statement is based on a search of the Land Registry Office Records of all the lots cited in ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Creighton, John A. Macdonald, II: 8, 24, 33. Harvard University, Baker Library, Dun and Bradstreet Papers, R.G. Dun & Co. Credit Ledgers, Canada, v. 15, p. 104.

54. Ibid., p. 98.

55. WBW, 21 Mar. 1861.

56. Canada, Statutes, 23 Vic., c. 31; 20 Vic., c. 169, 170.

57. 7 UCCP 410, Sutherland v. Great Western Railway Company. PAC, RG 30, v. 108, 110.

Chapter 5
The Canadian Navigation Company (1861-1875)

1. The main components of their line, the Bay State and the Ontario, were wooden hulled vessels built in 1849 and 1847 respectively. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 322, pp. 30-31. Heyl, Early American Steamers, III, 265; VI, 19-21. Under normal circumstances these would have been due for retirement.

2. WBW, 22 May, 28 June, 16 Aug. 1861.

3. K.R. Macpherson, "Thomas Dick," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, X, 230-231. Donald Swainson, "The North-West Transportation Company: Personnel and Attitudes," in Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Papers, Series III (1969-1970) no. 26, p. 70.

4. William Hugh Coverdale, Tadoussac Then and Now: A History and Narrative of the Kingdom of the Saguenay, (1942), pp. 21-22. Lady Dufferin, My Canadian Journal, 1872-1878, (ed. Gladys Chantler Walker, Don Mills: Longmans Canada, 1969), pp. 62-68, 116-120. A Trip to Murray Bay, Riviere du Loup, Cacouna, Tadoussac, The Saguenay and Ha! Ha! Bay!, (Montreal: J.C. Becket, 1868). Samuel J. Kelso, Notes on the Saguenay for Tourists and Others, (Quebec: Morning Chronicle, 1862.)

5. WBW, 22 May 1861.

6. Ibid., 21 March 1861.

7. Ibid., 11 Apr. 1861 (quoting Hamilton Spectator.)

8. Ibid., 19 Apr. 1861.

9. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II, 980. Croil, Steam Navigation, p. 316. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 206, pp. 173-186; v. 179, p. 50. DN, 18 Oct. 1859.

10. Thomas E. Appleton, Ravenscrag: The Allan Royal Mail Line, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974). Brian Young and Gerald J.J. Tulchinsky, "Sir Hugh Allan," Dictionary of Canadian Biography, XI: 5-15. R.T. Taylor, The History of Canadian Business, 1867-1914, (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1975), I: 49.

11. Province of Canada, Statutes, 20 Vic., c. 169; 22 Vic., c. 125.

12. WBW, 26 Apr. 1861. The nominal value of the shares was £250, a year's salary for some of the prospective investors. Province of Canada, Statues, 20 Vic., c. 169, s. 3.

13. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 172, Canadian Inland Steam Navigation Company, Dividend Book. WBW, 11 Apr., 26 Apr. 1861. Alexander and Duncan Milloy do not appear to have been related, coming as they did from Kintyre and Oban, Argyllshire respectively. Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto, II: 980. Barrie Dyster, "Duncan Milloy," Dictionary of Canadian Biography, X: 515. Census of Canada, 1851, Canada West, Brantford Twp., p. 139. J.L. Mitchell, Mitchell's Toronto Directory for 1864-65, (Toronto: W.C. Chewett, 1864), p. 116. Robert J. Hamilton, John's nephew, who had other business connections with Captain Harbottle, withdrew from the company before his bankruptcy in 1864. Hamilton Public Library, Robert Jarvis Hamilton Papers, "Liabilities of Robert Jarvis Hamilton endorsed by Thomas Harbottle"; "Begwell v. Hamilton et. all., Copy of Writ of Attachment & Declaration, 13 Sept. 1864."

14. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 172.

15. Ibid. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 179, p. 50.

16. BW, 8 Feb. 1868. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 172, "List of Shareholders in the Canadian Navigation Co'y February 4th 1874."

17. Ibid.

18. WBW, 26 Apr. 1861.

19. BW, 4 Aug. 1869, 25 Apr. 1868, 12 Mar. 1870. DN, 10 July 1872, 26 Nov. 1873.

20. Ibid., 26 Nov. 1873.

21. Ibid., (quoting Toronto Sun.)

22. Canada, Sessional Papers, 1869-1875, Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, Steamboat Engineers' Examinations and Renewals.

23. DN, 7 Nov. 1873. Gazette (Montreal), 18-24 Nov. 1873.

24. BW, 10 Feb. 1866, 8 Feb. 1868. DN, 8 Feb. 1873. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 172. Canada, Statutes, 18 Vic., c. 44; 24 Vic., c. 89.

25. Gladys Barbara Pollack and Gerald J.J. Tulchinsky, "Mathew Hamilton Gault," Dictionary of Canadian Biography, XI: 335-336.

26. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 14, 2 Mars, 2 Avr., 5 Juin, 6 Juillet 1863.

27. Ibid., 12 Avr., 22 Avr., 26 Avr., 13 Mai, 5 Juillet 1869.

28. Ibid., 1 Juillet 1872. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 322, p. 26.

29. Baskerville, "John Hamilton, " p. 378. Young and Tulchinsky, "Sir Hugh Allan," pp. 8-9. Max Magill, "The Failure of the Commercial Bank," in Gerald Tulchinsky, ed., To Preserve & Defend: Essays on Kingston in the Nineteenth Century, (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976), pp. 174-175.

30. PAC, MG 28, II, 3 Minutes, 1864-1875. Monetary Times, v. VII (25 July 1873) no. 4, p. 85.

31. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 178, pp. 5-6; v. 206, pp. 299, 307.

32. Ibid., pp. 180-184, 479.

33. Ibid., v. 215, p. 7; v. 474, p. 48; v. 476, p. 23; v. 473, p. 96. BW, 9 June, 11 June 1864. DN, 5 May 1871.

34. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 179, p. 50.

35. See note 4.

36. British Whig, 8 Aug. 1866, 17 June, 29 Oct. 1867. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 14, 7 Oct. 1867.

37. Canada, Statutes, 31 Vic., c. 21.

38. PAC, RG 12, A1, v. 206, p. 972; v. 207, p. 92. Young, Great Lakes Saga, pp. 54-57.

39. PAC, RG12, A1, v. 270, p. 80; v. 322, p. 26. Arthur Bueis, Le Saguenay et La Valée du Lac St. Jean, (Quebec: A. Coté, 1880), pp. 333-334.

40. BW, 16 Mar. 1859 (quoting Oswego Times). Concerning the Cataract,Ontario and Bay State see ibid., 21 Mar. 1866 and Heyl, Early American Steamers, III: 57-58, 265-266; VI: 19-21.

41. BW, 20 Apr., 26 June, 6 July 1869. DN, 19 Nov. 1870. PAC, RG21, A1, v. 322, p. 30-32.

42. BW, 14 Oct., 24 Oct., 11 Nov. 1867; 18 July, 22 Oct., 2 Nov. 1868; 21 May, 2 Aug., 13 Nov. 1869. Kivas Tully, "The Fluctuations of Lake Ontario from 1854 to the year 1878 Inclusive," (read to the Canadian Institute, 22 Mar. 1879) in Canada, Public Works, Memorial on the Harbour at Toronto, (Ottawa, 1881), pp. 132-135 and chart.

43. John W. Spurr, "Garrison and Community, 1815-1870," in Tulchinsky, To Preserve & Defend, p. 118. Brian S. Osborne, "Kingston in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Urban Decline," in J. David Wood, Perspectives on Landscape and Settlement in Nineteenth Century Ontario, (Carleton Library no. 91, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975), pp. 167-168.

44. DN, 14 July, 12 Aug. 1865, 4 Aug. 1871, 1 Aug. 1873. BW, 30 May 1867, 29 July 1868. Concerning spring and fall freights see DN, 21 Oct. 1870, 27 Nov. 1873.

45. Gazette, 16 June 1874. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 16, Compagnie du Richelieu, Recus des Dividendes.

46. Peter C. Newman, The Canadian Establishment, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975) I: 65, 80.

47. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 15, 12 Juin 1874.

48. Ibid., 16 Juin 1874. Gazette, 16 June 1874.

49. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 15, 5 Fev. 1875. Gazette, 15 Jan. 1875.

50. Ibid. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 15, 16 Jan. 1875.

51. Canada, Statutes, 38 Vic., c. 85-86.

52. QUA, CSL Papers, v. 15, 5 Fev., 5 Aug. 1875, 19 Feb. 1876.

53. Ibid., 28 July 1877.

54. Monetary Times, 15 (17 Feb. 1882): 1012. QUA, CSL Papers, vol. 15, 11 Feb. 1882.

55. Canada, Statutes, 1857-1861.

46. Swainson, "North West Transportation Co."

Conclusions

1. McCalla, Upper Canada Trade, p. 23

2. Compare rents of £1000 to £1250 ($4000 to $5000) (OS6 UCQB 612-617, Counter v. Hamilton. PAC, MG24 D24, Charter of the Britannia, 20 Apr. 1835. QUA, Calvin Co. Papers, v. 157, 14 Mar. 1853. Langton commission, Report, App. XII, pp. 76-77) with typical capital costs of £7000 to £10,000 ($28,000 to $40,000) (Augusta Isabella Grant Gilkison, "Early Ship Building at Niagara," Niagara Historical Society, no. 18 (1909), pp. 29-35. PAC, RG 4, C1, v. 15, T.A.Stayner to T.W.C. Murdoch, 22 May 1840.)

3. Baskerville, "Bethune", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, X, 50.

4. PAC, RG 1, E3, v. 25, pp. 197-199.

5. QUA, Sutherland Papers, James Willoughby to James Sutherland, 23 Apr. 1852.

6. Baskerville, "Bethune", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, X, 49.

7. Young and Tulchinsky, "Allan," ibid., XI, 12.

8. Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, (London: Edward Arnold, 1965), p. 10.

9. QUA, Sutherland papers, Agreement between the Queen and James Sutherland, Sir Allan Napier McNabb [sic], Daniel Charles Gunn, May 1846.

10. Tucker, Canadian Commercial Revolution, pp. 23, 28-29.

11. Upper Canada, Statutes, 7 Wm. IV, c. 22, Canada, Statutes, 14 & 15 Vic., c. 126; 16 Vic., c. 167; 20 Vic., c. 34

12. Ibid., 36 Vic., c. 57; 38 Vic., c. 29.

13. Ibid., 22 Vic., c. 19; 46 Vic., c. 28.

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Chapter 5 appeared in FreshWater.